Heart Failure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Heart Failure - Essay Example Heart failure is a long-term chronic condition that is diagnosed when the heart fails to pump enough fresh oxygen-rich blood. Emphasising this perception, the study will critique the research conducted by Korajkic, Poole, MacFarlane, Bergin & Dooley (2011) assessing their justification to all the consequences and implementations of pharmacist intervention on ambulatory heart patients. A critical assessment will also be conducted based on the research projecting the ethical norms of human participants. Notably, Korajkic et al. (2011: 126) concludes that there are â€Å"significant differences between† the groups when concerning pharmaceutical doses, which relate to heart failure-related knowledge as well as understanding, which will also be discussed in the following report. Nevertheless, the reviewing also notes that in order to enhance the relevance of the report, approval was obtained from Alfred Human Research Ethics Committee and Monash University Human Research Ethics Com mittee but lacking any further information about obtaining free consents from the human participants. This certainly increases the validity of the inference drawn in the article that the pharmaceutical interventions developed the capability of patients concerning heart failure to self-adjust its diuretic dosage by using a flexible dosing schedule based on patient’s weight, resulting in worth of life enhancement and a decrease in hospital readmission due to overload (Korajkic et al., 2011).

Advantages and Cost of Adoption in Australia of International Financial Reporting Standards Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Cost of Adoption in Australia of International Financial Reporting Standards Essay The issue of adoption of international financial reporting standards (IFRSS) in Australia has been controversial issue since the first time Australian Financial Reporting council (FRC) announced the policy in 2002. Many believe that IFRSS adoption will lead to great advantages such as enhance financial report comparability, improve quality of financial reporting, attract more foreign investor, and other significant advantages. However, some also believe that the adoption merely result in disadvantages and cost for Australian business, accounting profession and even Australian government. Before deciding to fully adopt IFRSS, in 1996, the AASB issued Policy Statement 6 International Harmonization Policy with objective to ‘pursue the development of an internationally accepted set of accounting standards which can be adapted in Australia’. There were several considerations why government decided to do so: 1. ‘The existing arrangements for accounting standard setting are confusing, inefficient and not conductive to stakeholder participation 2. There is duplication between the AASB and PSASB 3. Australian Accounting Standards are not understood in, and are out of step with, the major capital markets in the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), and Europe, resulting in higher costs of capital for Australian Business 4. The standards setting process is perceived to be dominated by the accounting profession and there is no real accountability to its users 5. Accounting standards do not reflect modern business practice, being too prescriptive and overly technical that imposing excessive costs on business 6. The process involved in standard setting have failed to attract broad input and the necessary level of financial support, with the result that accounting standards are not meeting the demands of constituents’ (CLERP 1997, pp. 11-12, cited from Pickeet. al, 2006). Despite those reasons, IFRSS adoption is promoted because several claimed benefits potentially arising from the policy especially for Australian Business. The most claimed benefit is attracting foreign investors due to lowering cost of capital. Cost of capital can be decreased because IFRSS adoption can diminish ‘premiums associated with the risk of not fully understanding the financial report’ (Collet et. al, 2001, cited from Gerhardy, P. G. , n. d. ). Another hypothesis is that IFRSS adoption can reduce ‘home bias’ that discourage investors from making cross border investment. One of factors contributing to home bias itself is the expensive cost of information about foreign investment (Kang and Stulsz, 1997 cited from Cofrig,V. M. , Defond, M. L. , Hung, M. , 2007). By adopting IFRSS, it is hoped that information about foreign investment can be easily obtained and understood because it is generated from universal standards that are more familiar for investors. In addition, high accounting quality, transparency and comparability are commonly associated with financial reporting produced based on IFRSS that is internationally recognized and represent worldwide best practices. Those attributes alleviate ‘information asymmetries between managers and outside investors, thus increasing liquidity and ultimately lowering the required rate of return’ (Diamond and Verrecchia, 1991, cited from Daske, Holger, 2006). Association between higher accounting quality and IAS/IFRSS itself has been examined by Barth,M. E. , Landsman, W. R. , Lang, Mark H. in 2008. They investigate firms from 21 countries that applied IAS and found that those firms generally ‘evidence less earnings management, more timely loss recognition and more value relevance of accounting amounts’. It has been suggested that IFRSS adoption benefits Australian business trough saving in reporting costs. This benefit especially applies for Australian Business that wants to list their stocks in other countries’ stock exchanges. It is obligation for companies to fulfill specific different requirement regarding financial reporting of each countries where the companies are listed. By adopting IFRSS, companies do not need to generate more than one set of financial reports to comply different requirement and regulation. It is also easier for multinational companies to consolidate their financial statement, thus it saves time and money. Beside easy consolidation, IFRSS adoption also simplifies appraisal process of companies to takeover or merger with overseas enterprises and improves management control due to increased comparability internal management report between different segments or branches. For multinational companies, it will ease transfer of accounting staff across countries as well (Uddin, M. S. , 2005). Furthermore, a reduction in audit cost might be experienced by companies, because adoption of global standards (IFRSS) merely require global audit tandards, tools or systems that usually cheaper than specific products or services. This audit commoditization will close the expertise gap between the big five and force them to reduce audit fee. (Perera et. al, 2003,cited from Gerhardy, P. G. , n. d. ). For Australian government, fully adopting IFRSS is highly likely result in cost saving because the government does not need to spend money for AASB. It is evidence that Australian government spent huge amount of money for domestic accounting standards formulation. Another advantage is that the government can ‘distance itself from any future corporate collapses, which tend to raise questions about the role of accounting and the quality of accounting standards in such incidents’ (ibid). Take example of HIH collapse. Furthermore, it can avoid miscalculation of investors’ tax liability, particularly tax related to income from overseas sources accepted by multinational companies (Uddin, M. S. , 2005) (global acceptance). Despite cost saving, IFRSS adoption might also increase overseas companies listing in the ASX (Haswell McKinnon, 2003, cited from Gerhardy, P.G. , n. d. ). It also retains Australian companies listed on ASX. It is argument of Stoddart (1999, cited from McCombie, K. ,n. d. ) that ASX’s rigorous support on full adoption of IFRS is due to ASX’s ambition to become ‘the main exchange in the Pacific Rim’. Despite those enormous advantages, it has been argued that IFRSS adoption lead to significant costs. The main argument is that IFRSs do not consider local needs and priorities as every country has their own ‘business environment, legal systems, cultures, language and political environment’ (Henderson and Peirson, 2000 cited from Malthus, S. 2004). However, to overcome this problem, IASB can accommodate flexible reporting standards that enable companies to choose alternatives that are more suitable for their external condition. It is opinion of some opponents of IFRS adoption that IAS is ‘insufficiently detailed’ (Uddin,M. S. , 2005, p. 4) that require accountants’ and auditorâ€℠¢ professional judgment. However, overly detail might be contra productive and not flexible in anticipating every changes and differences. Education for stakeholders related to changes in financial statement is considered as significant as well. In a way, companies have obligation to ensure these users understand the changes. Companies also need to provide education and training for staff to adapt changes from preparing account using national standards to international standards. Since changes not only affect external reporting system, but also internal reporting such as budgeting system, this training might require huge amount of money. Often, companies need external experts in anticipating the changes such as actuaries and valuation experts that also need a lot of spending. However, this transition cost is only initial investment that is short term; the cost will be diminishing once companies have already been stable with the new systems. Learning from UK, based on a survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers, majority companies in the UK suggested that transition from local accounting standards to international standards would not require high costs (Malthus, S. , 2004). Coming to the accounting profession, it has been argued that IFRS adoption also bear costs due to the policy. Those costs might come from the need to re educate members of the accounting profession itself. However, this argument is questionable because as a profession, accountants should improve their capabilities by ongoing training and education no matter what. Negative impacts of adoption of IFRS on rule makers such as Federal government and AASB have been public’s concern as well. Regarding federal government, it is argued that support devoted by federal government for IFRS adoption (Brown and Tarca, 2005) might put government ‘under political pressure not to impose rules on Australian companies that are inconsistent with those applied to companies in other countries’. In term of AASB, adoption of IFRSs raised questions about the role of the body. By adopting IFRS that replace local standards, AASB might lose its status and role. This loss arguably hurt nation’s sovereignty because Australia somehow is ‘one of the world’s leading authorities on accounting’ (Haswell and McKinnon, 2003 cited from Gerhardy, P. G. , n. d. , p. 24). AASB might also have limited influence on the standards formulation process under IASB, thus Australia’s interest and relevant environment might not be covered by international standards. However, this costs can be diminished as suggested by Carrol (2003d, cited from Gerhardy, P. G. , n. d. , p. 75) ‘that if Australia is to ensure that future standards developed by the IASB are relevant to the Australian environment it is necessary that Australia is positioned ‘as an influential leader in the international business environment’’. Having considered both advantages and costs, I would argue that benefit arising from IFRS adoption will be in the longer term worth the effort. The main reason for that is huge economic benefit arises from the IFRS adoption. On the surface, economic benefit is merely enjoyed by multinational companies and investors. However, it will trigger Australian economy development because multinational companies represent greater percentage of Australian economy sources that absorb high number of employment. Small medium companies (SME) that is argued might become parties bearing most cost will benefit from multinational companies as a business partners such as supplier, particularly if Australia promote specific regulation to encourage the mutual partnership. This will be domino effect that boost another sectors, thus benefit whole community. In addition, education cost that is claimed as significant cost only borne for short term and will be diminished in the long term. Education and training itself is inseparable part of accounting as a profession that need ongoing training to enhance capability and professionalism. The last reason is that IFRS adoption might be inevitable due to globalization that diminish border across nations and increase interdependency between nations.

Binge Drinking In Teenagers Health And Social Care Essay

Binge Drinking In Teenagers Health And Social Care Essay Anti social behaviours such as binge drinking in teenagers and young adults have been a serious issue and also contributed significantly to the mortality rates in United Kingdom. Binge drinking is associated with non modifiable risk factors such as age, sex and modifiable genetic predisposition as well as modifiable risk factors such as smoking, violence, rape and drug abuse. The control of binge drinking among these young adults is very important in preventing any form of risk factors that could damage their lifestyle or become a threat to the environment and family. Proposals have been made by the UK Department of Health (DoH) regarding the current concerns of risk and increasing prevalence of binge drinking among teenagers and young adults. Possible options for action have been proposed and available pieces of evidence are used to discuss issues such as education, communication, working with the Government and also working with the local industry. It is recommended that there should be an electronic assessment application that will help to generate electronic feedback similar to that of the e-Nudge trial is been developed and adopted. It is also proposed that if the Government could work with the law abiding forces in UK to reduce binge drinking among these subgroups It is proposed that further research should be carried out to investigate the cost effectiveness of these recommendations and the feasibility. Background Surveys with teenagers in the United States, United Kingdom and other European countries have documented that young and adolescent is prevalent in binge drinking. Cahalan and Crossley (1969) defined binge drinking as taking at least five alcoholic drinks consumed during a session. Comprehensive College Alcohol Study (CAS) in Harvard School of Public Health conducted a research and also re-defined binge drinking as five drinks for men and four drinks for women on a single occasion within the past two weeks (Davenport, Wechsler, Dowdall, Castillo and Moeykens, 2004). Binge drinking is a major public health and safety problem and its associated with health risks such as coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular heart disease (CVD), and the short term effects includes violence, accidents, rape cases and anti-social behaviours (ASB). Anti-social behaviours (ASB) have significantly contributed to global mortality and have been projected to cause more damage if not controlled. For so many youths and teenagers in UK and which are also influenced by peer pressure, they have chosen binge drinking as part of their lifestyle and these lifestyle could be relaxing with friends in an open environment, pub, party or at home. Home office has done two studies which was the relationship between binge drinking and the risk factors among 18-25 years. The first study (Richardson and Budd, 2003) examined the relationship between an offensive behaviour and binge drinking while the second study (Engineer et al., 2003) was to quantify between the social context of binge drinking and the key findings were: Most of the binge drinkers were men (48%) than women (31%); There was a strong relationship between been offensive and drinking, and also causing strong violent crimes after been drunk; Most of the binge drinkers (60%) admitted been involved in a bad behaviour after or during drinking which was compared to the 25% of regular drinkers. The present large, population based study attempts to address the issues on the strong relationship between subjective health and binge drinkers. Options for action There are a number of approaches that could be adopted in implementing the new programme. These options can only be effective and also reduce the current concern in binge drinking. It is also set out that these options will have to work with the industry, law enforcement agencies, communities, and the Government. They are: An improvement on the enforcement on young people drinking in public places and environments; Working with the industries To support the teenagers in making a wise decision on alcohol These options will need the Government to seriously intervene only if the Governments intervention is coherent, strategic, sustained and measured. Review of Evidence It is an illegal act in UK when an underage (under 18) buys or goes to the pub to have alcohol either if the alcohol is bought by them or somebody else that is older than 18 years old. The current Government guidelines by National Health Service (NHS) states that the normal intake of alcohol for that of men is 3-4 units in a day while that of women is 2-3 units in a day. College of physicians (2002) had a report on binge drinking and defined binge drinking as the intake of alcohol either a man or a woman of 10 or more than 10 units in a single session. The new national alcohol harm-reduction strategy defined binge drinking as having alcohol of 6 units or more for women and 8 or more units for men. More than half according to Strategy Unit (2003) of the young adults take alcohol below 14/21 units per week, 6.4 million people binge drink up to 35/50 units per week, 1.8 million people binge drink more than 35/50 units per week. It was also recorded that the young adults within the age of 16-24 are classified as binge drinkers having the percentage of men (50%) and women (42%). The public is concerned about this shameful act and the Government has to do something about it because this kind of drinking put young and teenagers at risk as well as creating problems for others which could possibly lead to crime. Fuller E (2006) had a proportion where the age range of 11-15 years old that drink on the street and in public places has increased from 21% to 31% in the year 1999 to 2006. In addition for the Government to intervene to take responsibility of young people drinking in public, the Home office will have to issue an immediate order to the police and the parents whose children that constantly drink in public will also have to be questioned so that conditions like strict monitoring of the childs behaviour will need to be met. The central role of the alcohol industry is very substantial and variable identity in the UK society and economy. Binge drinking does not only make an individual vulnerable to danger and harm but also damage the health of the person which could lead to both short and long term illness. For over the last century record, the alcohol consumption in UK has raised which makes UK to fall in the middle compared to other European countries. The approach of working with the breweries or industries requires a strong relationship between families, communities, the public services such as the National Health Service (NHS) and the police, the individuals and the Government. There is also a clear view when Government gets to work with the industry at a national level to introduce a scheme or a law that would operate to a set of standards that will help to promote best practice in England. This plan can only be put up as a law in different ways and also implemented. They are; To make sure that the retailers do not sell to an underage and anybody found or caught doing such will have to face an immediate prosecution. Implement the use of Proof of Age Standard Scheme (PASS) amongst the young adults, retailers and the parents. To support the police to close down any pub/shop when it has been identified for creating problems in the public. Young people are also highly influenced by alcohol adverts either on TV or in the radio which is also the key points to address binge drinking amongst teenagers and young adults. The work of Drink aware Trust in an example that has been done in the UK to help fight binge drinking. The young teenagers themselves needs to be encouraged, advised and supported when making a decision on taking alcohol. They need to be told on the effect, harm, the potential risk and also receive all the appropriate information about binge drinking. The need for a campaign or a seminar on moderate drinking and not drink to get drunk. The aim should be about bringing change in culture, a delay in age when young people should start drinking and to those who has chosen to engage in drinking, to be advised on the lower risk way which should be the target. The Government should also reach out to children and young people in schools about alcohol education and also drugs. Recommendation Based on all that has been discussed, the following recommendations should be considered: Improving the identification process in the health system because it presents variety of access points for those with binge drinking; The use of screening and brief intervention for identifying the level of alcohol consumption using a questionnaire as a tool for the survey; and The approach of enforcement which will be a clear legal framework preventing the sale of alcohol to under 21s. The Government can introduce a national identity cards scheme, useful and secure way of providing and determining age when young adults or teenagers wish to purchase age restricted products such as alcohol. The increase in awareness regarding the importance of age, environment, and gender should also be promoted especially amongst ethnic minority groups and the socially deprived through culture and language sensitive health education programs and adverts. Implementation of policy to encourage the risk behind binge drinking for all young adults in the UK should also be considered. These would ultimately assist the Minister of State for Public health and Department of Health to reduce binge drinking. Recommendation Based on all that has been discussed, the following recommendations should be considered; Stopping young and teenagers in drinking anywhere that is public by giving the police to arrest under 18s who drink and act anti-socially, issue guidance to the health and young adults services, the police to also fasten their approach in dealing with public drinking by the underages in UK; Teaming with the industry to encourage a tough prosecution on those caught breaking the licensing conditions, the Government also should support the local authorities, police and communities to spot hotspots that create problems; Establish a guideline on alcohol and teenagers; Support and establish a strong relationship with parents; The Government should also have an alcohol and drug education in schools and also encourage those that have already started drinking the harm, potential long and short term risk involved in drinking.

International Relations of Asia Essay -- Cold War Triangle Foreign Aff

International Relations of Asia STRATEGIC GEOMETRY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "This is the only region in the world where so many combinations and permutations of two- three and four- and even two plus four or three plus three- power games can be played on the regional chessboard with all their complexities and variations." introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The concept of strategic geometry comprises the notion that that the interactions and interconnections between a number of political actors within a particular system of international relations, either global or regional can be seen in terms of geometric patterns of strategic configurations. It can be a case of simple geometry, in which A interacts with B: but in a more complex system such as that of Asia, with the presence of more than one major actor, each with their distinct, sometimes conflicting political agendas, the interaction between A and B will be likely to affect C or influenced by C.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The concept of an international ‘system' itself implies that events are not random, and units within the system are interrelated in some patterned way. This ‘patterning' maybe envisaged or conceptualized as patterns of strategic geometry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Any attempt to analyze the transition from a Cold War system of international relations to a post Cold War one, will incorporate an analysis of the general nature of the system itself, in this case the system of international relations in Asia; of the actors involved and their respective roles; how changes in the political environment and in specific policies of the actors shape the evolution of a new system; and finally the nature of the new system with its own actors, their new roles, and new concerns.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The concept of strategic geometry enables us to understand these changes in the political dynamics from one system to another, in our case the transition from the Cold War to the post Cold War era, by serving as an analytic tool. If we view the international relations of Asia, more and the interactions of the main actors in terms of strategic configurations and geometric patterns of alignments and oppositions, then we can assess changes in the political system over time by way of the changes in the strategic geometry. Some strategic configurations change, others remain the same, while new patterns of strategic geometry appear, as the old forms dissolve--the e... ... emerging will be permanent. According to Mandlebaum, "we have not seen the end of their rivalry." On the other hand, is the view that neither country has much the other needs, with both looking towards Japan and America for capital. Economics is the name of the game in East Asia, and Russia looks like a minor league player to Chinese, coupled with a deep level of cultural suspicion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the other hand, the most crucial of the Cold War triangles, the Russia-US-China triangle seems to hold relatively little significance. However, two political games of today, might still substantiate the existence of this triangle 1.the crux of Chinese analysis-- that there is an inherent conflict between Moscow and Washington, on matters of aid and weapons build down which will provide openings for its own diplomacy 2. the weapons issue-- "the US fears China's success in skimming cream of weapons experts from Russia." The latter is a very Cold War type of concern: the issue of military strength, which continues to interlock the three major military powers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In reference to the US-Japan-Russia triangle, the Japan-Russia part of the triangle still remains quite undeveloped.

Catchment Area Analysis for 24 Hour Fitness in Cochin

CATCHMENT AREA ANALYSIS FOR 24 HOUR FITNESS IN COCHIN, KERALA SYNOPSIS OF CATCHMENT AREA STUDY SL NOTABLE OF CONTENTSPAGE NO 1Catchment area PTA, STA, TTA2 2Vytila and vicinity7 3Property demand12 4Infrastructural growth12 5Findings14 6Strategy for 24 hour fitness14 7Reference15 CATCHMENT AREA PRIMARY TRADE AREA LOCATIONDRIVING DISTANCE Elamkulam2 mins Vytilla2mins TERTIARY TRADE AREA LOCATIONDRIVING DISTANCE Gigi Nagar15 mins Panapilly Nagar16 mins SECONDARY TRADE AREA LOCATIONDRIVING DISTANCE KSRTC BUS STAND7 mins Kadavanthara8 mins 24 Hour Fitness is an international fitness brand.The trade area is divided as primary, secondary and teritiary on the basis of time taken by drive to reach the destination. 1-5 mins drive is considered for primary, 6-10 mins for secondary and 11-15 mins for teritiary trade area. This is based on the fact that, time required to reach a fitness centre is highly deterministic. TRADE AREA ANALYSIS: PTA – PRIMARY TRADE AREA STA – SECONDARY TRA DE AREA TTA – TARTIARY TRADE AREA Primary Catchment The Primary Catchment is within 0-5 minutes’ drive to 24 Hour Fitness. The areas are: †¢Vyttila †¢ElamkulamTherefore the primary catchment of 24 Hour Fitness is strategically situated amidst the densely populated Vyttila and Elamkulam areas. Secondary Catchment The Secondary Catchment is within 5-10 minutes’ drive. The areas are: †¢Kadavanthra †¢Ponnurunni Therefore the secondary catchment of 24 Hour Fitness is the densely populated Kadavanthara which is a residential area. Tertiary Catchment The Tertiary Catchment is within 10-20 minutes of drive time. The areas are: †¢Giri Nagar †¢Panampilly Nagar †¢Chalikkavattom Therefore the tertiary catchment of 24 Hour Fitness is the thickly populatedGiri Nagar, Panampilly Nagar and Chalikkavattom which is a core residential area. The primary, secondary and teritiary trade areas cover the important and potential residential areas of Coc hin. The target consumers of 24 hour fitness can easily access the brand with this location. Road Ways The Sahodaran Ayyapan road from west to Vytila is common for all the target consumers from Kadavanthara, Panampally, Kaloor. This is the primary roadway for 24 Hour fitness. This location completely restricts the flow of customers to the Gold Gym Vytila, which is a competition. The Edapally Vytila road brings in customers from north.These are the primary roadways which is sccesible for the target customers. It is giving a direct competition to Gold Gym, Vytila, which is comparatively low priced and infrastructuraly poor compared to 24 Hour Fitness. Vytila and vicinity Vyttila is an intersection as well as the name of a region in the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. It is one of the largest as well as the busiest intersections in Kerala. This node intersects the main north-south artery of the state of Kerala, namely, the National Highway 47, with three city roads of Koc hi viz, the S. A.Road (east-west), the Vyttila-Petta Road, and the Thammanam Road. Vyttila hosts the Kochi Mobility Hub, which converges different ways of surface transport (namely, local as well as long distance buses, rail, Metro Railand inland water transport) to the city onto a single node. Institutions Vyttila is home to hospitals like the Welcare Hospital and the Mother & Child Hospital. The State Bank of India, State Bank of Travancore, Punjab National Bank, Corporation Bank, Vijaya Bank,Bank of Baroda, Federal Bank, South Indian Bank all have branches in this area. Toc H Public School, St. Rita's H.S Ponnurunni, C. K. C. L. P. S are schools located in Vyttila. There are several supermarkets (prominent among them include V-Mart and the Margin Free Market chain of mini-super markets) in this area in addition to several mom & pop stores and pharmacies. Eateries like K. R Bakes, Aryaas, Best Bakers, delight Bakers and traditional ‘Thattukadas' are also decent hangouts for people across age groups in the junction. Schools Vyttila hosts the following schools ?Toc H Public School ?C. K. C Girls High School, Ponnurunni ?St. Rita's Boy's High School, Ponnurunni Hospitals ?Welcare Hospital Mother & Child Hospital ?Ranjini Eye Hospital Shopping and entertainment The Kundannoor-Edapally streatch of the National Highway 47 passing through Vyttila, is home for the largest malls in the state of Kerala. The Largest shopping mall in the state – Gold Souk is located in Vyttila on NH Bypass. The mall has 4 Screen Multiplex Cinemas, Spacious Hypermarkets, Food courts, Restaurants and branded retail outlets. There are several supermarkets (prominent among them include V-Mart and the Margin Free Market chain of mini-super markets) in this area in addition to several mom & pop stores and pharmacies.Eateries like K. R Bakes, Aryaas, Best Bakers, delight Bakers and traditional ‘Thattukadas' are also decent hangouts for people across age groups in the junctio n. The Oberon Mall, one of biggest malls in Kochi with its cinemax theatres, is also situated along the way from Vyttila to Edappally. Real Estate, Builders and Apartments: †¢Confident Group †¢Mather Group †¢Good Day properties †¢Mansions †¢Good earth †¢Aurora †¢Siddhi †¢Dubex River garden †¢Real India †¢VKL group †¢Sri Ram Krishna Builders †¢Skyline Orion Villa †¢Santhi Shreyas †¢Jewel Homes †¢Water Lilly Premium apartments Financial Institutions Axis Bank †¢Icici Bank †¢Bank of Baroda †¢South Indian Bank †¢State Bank of India †¢Thammanam Service Co-operative Bank Restaurants †¢Pizza Hut †¢Hotel Aryas †¢Smoke House †¢Muruga Hotel †¢Qualis Hotel †¢Hotel Anugraha †¢Albarad Restaurant †¢Nyle Plaza †¢Janahridayam †¢Hotel Mermaid Property Demand The proposed site is between the Vytila Junction and Elamkulam Bridge. The property cost at thi s site averages to 10-12 lakhs per cent. This is one of the most demanded properties in Cochin. This is because of the high residential potential and the emergence of Vytila as the second business centre of Cochin.There has been a drastic increase in the land prices at Vytila over years due to this factor. Infrastructural Growth With the advent of the Vytila mobility hub Vytila is also expecting a major infrastructural change. The Cochin metro is proposed to be passing through Vytila. Recent talks between policy makers indicate that the metro may have a metro stop at Vytila. With operations of Cochin Metro service more people will have direct access to the GYM, within minutes, thus increasing the trade area of the fitness centre. This aspect is also considered while selecting the current location. FINDINGSThe proposed site for 24 Hour Fitness in Cochin has advantages as well as disadvantages. Though the property costs are high, the site attracts the major target customers if located at the proposed site. The site between Elamkulam Bridge and Vytila Junction covers major residential areas covering middle and high class men and women at Vytila, Kaloor, Panampally Nagar, Kadavanthara etc. The site is centre to many apartments where target customers live in. The site directly gives competition to Gold Gym blocking their accessibility through the west road entering Vytila. There have been huge developments in infrastructure.The Cochin metro can bring in customers from far city within minutes to the site as the metro passes directly over the place. Strategy for 24 Hour Fitness The International Fitness brand can definitely enter the Cochin market with their fitness message. There has been an increase in the fitness concerns with the people in Cochin. The proximity to the fitness centre is a major concern for all the members of the brand. Taking this factor into account and to attract maximum number of target customers, 24 Hour Fitness can adopt following strategies. †¢High accessibility †¢Good parking facilities †¢Loyalty schemes Separate training hours for non-working women †¢Separate Training hours for working men and women There cannot be any spill over effect for 24 hour fitness with this site. This is because the place is void of any corporate offices from where employees may prefer to go to the fitness centre prior work. This move is based on the fact that this spill over will not account for a high attraction of customers. 24 Hour Fitness can even facilitate transport facilities to achieve high attraction. Sources and Reference †¢Goole Maps †¢ICICI PROPERTY REPORT †¢NEWSPAPER ARTICLE – TIMES PROPERTY †¢24 HOUR FITNESS OFFICIAL WEBSITE

How the Media Treat and Report the Minority Essay

The topic I chose is about’How the media treat and report the minority group of people?’. My research problem formulated from this topic is’Why the media treated and reported the Zhang Guorong–Leslie’s death and Foxconn workers suicide so differently?’. Leslie is a famous actor in Hong Kong and due to many reasons he jumped from a hotel building and suicided in April1st,2003.After the media reported his suicide grandly, his fans all over the world felt truly sorry for him and held his death anniversary very April 1st. The Foxconn is a big factory and in year 2010, 14 workers jumped from the building and suicided. At first, the media didn’t pay much attention to report it until the number of the suicide kept increasing. The media reported that because of the large amount of the same work the kept doing day by day, they felt their life meaningless and as a result, they chose to suicide. According to the internet(Baidu) and also my social experience, the media took Leslie’s suicide more seriously than the Foxconn worker’s suicide. When the public thought about Leslie’s suicide, most of them felt truly pity about his death and will memorize him every year. But when came to Foxconn’s suicide, most people only felt sorry for them and felt angry about the Foxcoon’s rules, obviously there is no memorize activities for the died workers held by the pubic. The reason why both media and the public took the death of Leslie–a famous celebrity more seriously is that the workers suicided in Foxconn are migrant workers–which we called the social minority group. As we know, migrant workers are special group of people came into being during he past 30 years in China, millions of farmer’s sons with dreams left their countryside and came into the city, became a new important group of labors. They have low salary, living in bad accommodations and can’t enjoy the same welfare as the citizensï ¼Ë†Baidu internet Encyclopedia). People care more about and respect more to the celebriti es rather than the migrant workers. In other words, migrant workers are just like the bottom level people who don’t deserve to get other’s attention. The reason I think my research is important is that on the one hand, I can find out that how the society cares about the minority group like migrant workers, on the other hand, I can find out the relationship between media and the public through the research. In my opinion, the result of my research shows that the society still not care about the minority group much and this is what we should improve. Also, the relationship between the media and the public is complicated related–the media influenced the public’s interest and their focus, the public also influenced the media as well. My research came from ‘the media and the journalism’ area which is belongs to my major–communication. As a communication student, I want to know more about the media nowadays. During class, teacher told me that the media and the reporters should be ‘watchdogs’–select what should be reported and what shouldn’t, and also give the truth to the public(Agenda setting and the media’s construction of reality). So I want to prove that the media should not only give the truth to the public, but also should care more about the society minority group through my research. My methods to collect the primary data in the field is, first, surf the internet to look through the events and make sure my information is exactly right. Second, I clarify the information and judge it critically whether it is useful to my research. Third, analyzing the information and find out which is suitable for my report and mark where the quotations came from. At last, I select the quotation I can use and put it in to my report.

Public Health and Page Ref Essays

Public Health and Page Ref Essays Public Health and Page Ref Paper Public Health and Page Ref Paper Access to Health, 13e (Donatelle) Chapter 1 Accessing Your Health 1) Which of the following individual choices has a major effect on both current health and projected life expectancy? A) Genetic tendency toward obesity. B) Pollution C) Level of education D) Smoking Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3 Skill: Analyzing 2) The medical model of health would most likely focus on which of the following? A) Controlling air and water pollution B) Lifestyle interventions to prevent chronic diseases C) Treating bacterial infections with antibiotics D) Serving marginalized populations Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Understanding 3) The number of years a person is anticipated to live based on conditions at the time of birth is A) life expectancy. B) population control. C) mortality. D) morbidity. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Understanding 4) Which of the following were cited by college students in a national survey as major impediments to performing well academically? A) Pressure from parents and family members B) Stress, anxiety, and sleep difficulties C) Repeated strep infections D) Carrying a too-heavy course load Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 3 Skill: Understanding/Analyzing 1 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5) What is the leading cause of death in the United States across all age groups? A) Heart disease B) Cancer C) Cerebrovascular disease D) Unintentional injuries Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Understanding 6) Which of the following describes the rate of deaths within a certain population? A) Prevalence B) Life expectancy C) Mortality D) Morbidity Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Understanding 7) Heart disease, cancer, and diabetes are examples of A) chronic disease. B) hereditary disease. C) communicable disease. D) acute disease. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Remembering 8) SINCE THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY, THE LIFE EXPECTANCY OF AMERICANS HAS A) increased by more than 10 years. B) increased by more than 20 years. C) increased by more than 30 years. D) increased by more than 40 years. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Understanding 9) Healthy life expectancy refers to the number of years a person can expect to live A) while covered by Medicare. B) without chronic pain, disability, or significant illness. C) without pain or short-term or long-term disability. D) without cancer or diabetes. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Remembering 2 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10) Life expectancy 100 years ago was largely determined by A) medical history. B) lifestyle choices. C) susceptibility to chronic disease. D) susceptibility to infectious disease. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Understanding/Evaluating 11) The term health is often interchangeable with the term A) adaptability. B) flexibility. C) wellness. D) pain-free. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Remembering 12) Jerome eats healthy foods, exercises regularly, gets eight hours of sleep each night, and rarely becomes ill. His ability to ward off illness is related to which dimension of health? A) Social B) Intellectual C) Physical D) Emotional Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Applying 13) Jasmine has many friends, is respected by her coworkers, and maintains a great relationship with her boyfriend. Her ability to interact with others exemplifies which dimension of health? A) Social B) Intellectual C) Emotional D) Physical Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Applying 14) Rashid volunteers weekly to help pick up trash in his neighborhood. This action contributes to improving which dimension of his health? A) Intellectual. B) Social C) Environmental D) Spiritual Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Applying 3 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 15) Which of the following best describes emotional health? A) Ability to be self-sufficient B) Ability to solve problems C) Ability to express or control feelings D) Ability to adapt to various social situations Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 16) An example of intellectual health is A) having a sense of meaning and purpose in your life. B) successfully interacting with others. C) having low self-efficacy. D) having a healthy curiosity about life in general. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 17) Which of the following best describes spiritual health? A) Possessing and expressing a purpose in life B) Expressing emotions C) Having satisfying relationships D) Being able to reason and think objectively Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 18) A multidimensional concept of health that includes elements of physical, mental, emotional, and social function is A) physical and emotional health. B) holistic health care. C) health-related quality of life. D) healthy life expectancy. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Understanding. 19) The first step in modifying your health behavior to achieve overall wellness is to A) review your medical records and schedule a physical examination by a doctor. B) become aware of individual behaviors that contribute to or detract from your health. C) complete a detailed behavior change contract. D) find a reliable support person or support group. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Understanding 4 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 20) Holistic wellness involves A) integrating mind, body, and spiritual components. B) taking nutritional supplements daily. C) combining exercise with some form of meditation. D) consuming organic foods and being treated by a naturopathic doctor. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Applying 21) The range of factors that influence a persons health status are known as A) ethnic or cultural traditions. B) determinants of health. C) age-related conditions. D) genetic influences on health. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 22) Determinants of health include A) personal, social, economic, and environmental factors. B) physical, intellectual, spiritual, and cultural factors. C) nutritional, social, financial, and environmental factors. D) genetic and lifestyle factors. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 23) Which of the following methods is an example of successful lifestyle change? A) Making a New Years resolution to stop smoking again after failing in the past B) Creating a demanding workout plan in hopes of someday losing weight C) Beginning a daily walking program and gradually increasing your time and distance D) Stopping smoking cold turkey Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Applying 24) Jackson made a goal to quit smoking by the end of the year through a lot of hard work and willpower. When he achieved this goal, he bought himself a new car. This is an example of A) repeated enabling. B) social reinforcement. C) positive reinforcement. D) negative reinforcement. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Understanding/Applying 5 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 25) Moving from thinking about starting an exercise program to joining a club, working with a trainer to set goals, and showing up for workouts is an example of which model of behavior change? A) Health belief model B) Social cognitive model C) Transtheoretical model D) Contemplation model Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Understanding 26) Tasks that are necessary for normal functioning in society are known as A) activities of daily living. B) high-level tasks. C) low-level tasks. D) vocational activities. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Remembering 27) Mark is a junior in college and plans to move to his own apartment before his senior year. He hopes to quit drinking, get more sleep, and spend more time exercising and studying instead of spending so much of his free time on Facebook. The best plan for Mark to succeed is for him to A) make a chart with an algorithm for coordinating all the changes. B) try to change all of his bad behaviors at once. C) select the most important behavior to change and take things one step at a time. D) worry about changing behaviors later because hell have plenty of time to change after he finishes college. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17-18 Skill: Applying 28) Which of the following factors would be considered a nonmodifiable determinant of health? A) Sexual behavior B) Sleep habits C) Geographic location D) Genetics Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Understanding 6 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 29) Which of the following is an example of a belief? A) Disliking the smell of cigarette smoke B) Thinking that smoking is unhealthy and causes cancer C) Being happy no one is smoking near you D) Understanding that smoking has become more prevalent among teenagers Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Understanding 30) Marissa has tried to quit smoking several times but ultimately failed because she lost motivation and didnt believe she could succeed. Which of the following may have contributed to her failure? A) She has a strong internal locus of control. B) She has high self-efficacy. C) She has a strong external locus of control. D) She has a strong, positive support group. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19-20 Skill: Analyzing 31) Because both of Johns parents smoke, John has a higher-than-average chance of being a smoker. This is an example of A) a reinforcing factor. B) a predisposing factor. C) a confirming factor. D) an enabling factor. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 17 Skill: Understanding 32) Which of the following best describes an enabling factor? A) Living near a hiking trail when you want to begin a walking program B) Nagging your parents because they smoke C) Encouraging your spouse to go to the fitness club with you. D) Having friends who dont exercise, but you want to start a fitness program Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17 Skill: Understanding 33) Poor housing, lack of funds for adequate food and clothes, and insecure employment are which type of factors that negatively affect human health? A) Biological B) Economic C) Behavioral D) Genetic Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Understanding 7 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 34) Carrie grew up in an active family. Now that Carrie lives on her own, her family continues to check in to see if she is making time for exercise. They praise her for joining a fitness club and  keeping to a workout schedule. This is an example of A) a predisposing factor. B) a confirming factor. C) a reinforcing factor. D) an enabling factor. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 17 Skill: Applying 35) Which model explains why a young woman who smokes is NOT likely to quit because she does not think she will get lung disease, and quitting will result in weight gain? A) Health belief model B) Social cognitive model C) Transtheoretical model D) Behavior change model Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Applying 36) Marias husband has agreed to join her in an exercise program. Theyve scheduled times to meet to run at a local park. This is an example of A) reward. B) social support. C) enabling. D) readiness. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20-21 Skill: Applying 37) Agents in the physical environment that can be harmful to health include which of the following? A) Minerals B) Toxins C) Water D) Nutrients Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Understanding 8 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 38) Which of the following groups of actions would most likely reduce a persons risk of premature death? A) Not smoking, avoiding junk foods, and maintaining a healthy weight. B) Wearing a seat belt only when driving on the freeway and avoiding second-hand smoke C) Using natural dietary supplements, working the night shift, and spending frugally D) Avoiding excessive sun exposure and seeing at least two specialists each year Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Analyzing 39) Setting achievable and incremental goals and rewarding yourself for progress are proven tips for maintaining A) ongoing support from others. B) motivation for behavior change. C) an outstanding academic record. D) a lower body-mass index. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 19. Skill: Understanding 40) Selective smoking bans and child restraint laws designed to protect the health of citizens are examples of A) publicity campaigns. B) public policies. C) profiling. D) public health research. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Understanding/Applying 41) The perceived source or cause (internal or external) of events in a persons life is known as his or her A) locus of control. B) ability to reason. C) stages of behavior change. D) sense of victimization. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20 Skill: Understanding 9 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 42) Jules is trying to lose weight. When she craves a high-fat treat from the local ice cream shop, she is prepared to allow herself a cup of low-fat frozen yogurt in her favorite flavor. The tactic she is using to avoid eating more calories is A) rewarding. B) manipulating. C) negotiating. D) countering. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 Skill: Applying 43) An example of shaping is A) starting with small changes in behavior and gradually increasing the changes. B) using specific exercises to mold your body to a desired image. C) trying to influence your younger brothers behavior with rewards. D) watching a friends behavior and then trying to mimic him or her. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20 Skill: Applying 44) Using rational, positive statements and deliberately blocking negative thoughts are ways to avoid negative A) influences. B) actions. C) self-talk. D) awareness. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 Skill: Applying 45) Visualizing yourself successfully losing 15 pounds by choosing healthy foods at your favorite restaurant is an example of A) situational inducement. B) planned control. C) imagined rehearsal. D) modeling. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 21 Skill: Understanding/Applying. 10 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 46) Rewarding yourself for reaching your weight loss goal with a trip to Hawaii is an example of which type of reinforcer? A) Activity B) Possessional C) Manipulative D) Social Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Understanding/Applying 47) Observing a friends success at quitting smoking has helped you to quit a few months later, which demonstrates the process of A) copying. B) shaping. C) mirroring. D) modeling. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 21 Skill: Applying 48) Carlos wants to avoid overeating and eating unhealthy food. Because of this, he may decline  invitations when his friends ask him to join them at a fast food restaurant. Which method is Carlos using to control the risk of overeating? A) Modeling B) Imagined rehearsal C) Consumable reinforcer D) Situational inducement Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 Skill: Applying 49) Which of the following is the best example of a realistic, specific, and attainable goal? A) I will lose a lot of weight. B) I will lose 1 pound a week over the next four weeks. C) I will lose 10 pounds if I start exercising. D) I will lose 10 pounds if I start exercising and stop eating after 8:00 p. m. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20 Skill: Understanding/Applying 11 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 50) Lower health insurance rates for nonsmokers serves as which type of reinforcer? A) Possessional B) Manipulative C) Social D) Activity Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Understanding/Evaluating 51) Behavior is a nonmodifiable determinant. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Remembering 52) Health disparities are differences in the levels of health and disease among specific population groups, such as the low-income or uninsured. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14-15 Skill: Understanding. 53) More people across all age groups die from cancer than any other chronic disease. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Understanding 54) Daily choices influence an individuals health status and well-being. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 3 Skill: Understanding 55) The medical model of health focuses on the individuals reaction to his or her social and physical environment. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Understanding 56) In the early 1900s, the ecological model or public health model became a major focus of health investigation. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6-7. Skill: Remembering 57) Effectively controlling anger demonstrates intellectual health. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Applying 12 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 58) The primary goal of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 is to provide access to health insurance for millions of uninsured Americans. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 Skill: Understanding 59) Today, quality of life is recognized as being as important as years of life. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Understanding 60) ACCORDING TO MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY STATISTICS, IN THE 21ST CENTURY, A PERSON IS MORE LIKELY TO  die from an infectious disease rather than from a chronic disease. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Understanding 61) Tran is a 47-year-old-male who suffered a knee injury in high school while playing football. This injury is a biological determinant of health. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Understanding 62) The average life expectancy for an American child born in 2012 is 78. 5 years. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Remembering 63) Obesity creates a burden on the overall U. S. economy. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Understanding. 64) Mortality is defined as the proportion of deaths to the population. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Remembering 65) Under the Affordable Care Act, new health plans are banned from imposing deductibles. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 Skill: Understanding 13 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 66) Life expectancy may decline in coming years due to the prevalence of obesity and sedentary lifestyles. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Understanding 67) Today, the concept of adaptability is a key element in the overall definition of health. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7-8. Skill: Understanding 68) Believing that you will be able to run two mile miles without stopping by the end of the semester demonstrates self-efficacy. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 19 Skill: Applying 69) A person who has the attitude, knowledge, skills, and resources to make change possible possesses ambition. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 19 Skill: Understanding 70) Learning communication and relationship skills can enhance the social dimension of health. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8-9 Skill: Applying 71) Having high self-esteem always improves the intellectual dimension of health. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 72) Losing your temper because someone said something that made you angry demonstrates an external locus of control. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 20 Skill: Applying 73) Developing better problem-solving and decision-making skills enhances the emotional dimension of health. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 14 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 74) Positive reinforcers are punishments for not accomplishing goals. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Understanding. 75) Actions taken or changes in behavior designed to treat an existing illness are part of disease prevention. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 Skill: Understanding 76) Spiritual health encompasses more than simply religious beliefs. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 77) Attaining the optimal level of well-being for your unique limitations and strengths is known as wellness. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 78) Adolescent teens having access to cigarette vending machines is an example of a positive reinforcing factor that can influence smoking behavior. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Applying 79) Healthy People 2020 is the Surgeon Generals health promotion plan to improve the quality of life and years of life for all Americans. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 80) Global warming, decreased water supplies, and toxic chemicals are serious health threats with far-reaching effects worldwide. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Understanding 81) Risk behaviors are those actions that increase the likelihood of negative health outcomes. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 Skill: Understanding 15. Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 82) The Summary Plan Description (SPD) explains covered services, benefits, deductibles, copays, and network rules under a specific health insurance plan. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12 Skill: Understanding 83) A reinforcing factor of your weight management program would be having your clothes fit better. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Applying 84) Locus of control may be internal or external. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19-20 Skill: Understanding 85) Asking your doctor to help you obtain the lowest-cost care is inappropriate. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12 Skill: Applying 86) A consumable reinforcer could be a healthy edible item that you enjoy. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Understanding 87) The three components of the social cognitive model of behavior change are thoughts, behavior, and genetics. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15 Skill: Understanding 88) When a person who wants to eat healthier and lose weight clears out unhealthy foods from the refrigerator and pantry, this is an example of situational inducement. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 Skill: Understanding 89) Economic status and geographic location have very little influence on a persons health status. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15 Skill: Understanding 16 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 90) Obesity, sedentary lifestyles, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and illegal drug use result in direct and indirect costs to society. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5-6 Skill: Evaluating 91) List and briefly explain the six steps of the transtheoretical (stages of change) model of behavior change. Answer: 1. Precontemplation no current intention to change. 2. Contemplation recognizing there is a problem but not yet planning to change. 3. Preparation coming up with a plan for change. 4. Action taking real steps to achieve goals. 5. Maintenance continues to make changes a permanent part of life. 6. Termination new behavior has become part of daily living, so ongoing vigilance may not be needed. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Understanding/Applying 92) Explain the purpose of a behavior change contract and how it can help you make a positive change. Answer: A behavior change contract functions as a promise to yourself, a public declaration of  your intentions, an organized plan for change, a way to identify barriers to change and determine how to overcome them, a list of sources of support, and a reminder of the benefits of sticking to your plan. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 21 Skill: Understanding/Applying 93) Compare and contrast the medical model and public health models of health. Answer: The medical model focuses on the individual, his or her tissues and organs, and the diagnosis and treatment of disease. The public health model (also known as the ecological model) views diseases and negative health events as resulting from an individual interacting with  his or her social and physical environment. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6-7 Skill: Analyzing 94) Explain the nature of SMART goals. Answer: SMART goals are: Specific with a defined outcome Measurable can be objectively observed and measured Action-oriented involve specific tasks or actions Realistic are likely to be accomplished Time-oriented involve the commitment of a specific amount of time Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20 Skill: Remembering 17 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 95) When analyzing your behavior prior to making a change, which factors must you examine before making your plan? Answer: You should examine your current health habit and patterns, including: How long has the behavior been going on? How frequently does the behavior occur? How serious are the short-term and long-term consequences of this behavior? Why have you continued this problematic behavior? What kinds of situations trigger the behavior? Are other people involved? If yes, how do they influence your behavior? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Understanding/Applying 96) What is self-efficacy, and why is it important in making a behavior change? Answer: Self-efficacy is an individuals belief that he or she is capable of performing a task  successfully and of achieving specific goals. If an individual approaches a behavior change with a high level of self-efficacy, his or her chances of success will be much greater. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19 Skill: Understanding/Applying 97) Differentiate between the health belief model, social cognitive model, and transtheoretical (stages of change) model of behavior change. Answer: 1. The health belief model addresses three factors that must exist before a person can make a change: the perceived seriousness of the potential health problem; the perceived susceptibility to  the problem, and cues to action, alerts or reminders to take preventive action. 2. The social cognitive model is based on the concept that three elements interact to motivate and enable change: a persons thoughts, behaviors, and the social environment. 3. The transtheoretical model views change in six stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 14-16 Skill: Analyzing 98) You want to improve your health by initiating an exercise program. Describe at least three ways you can maintain your motivation for regular exercise. Answer: Any three of the following: Pick one specific behavior to change and assess that behavior. Set achievable, incremental goals. Reward yourself for achieving goals. Anticipate and avoid barriers and temptations. Remind yourself why you want to change. Enlist help and support from others. Dont be discouraged by relapses, just get back on track. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 19 Skill: Applying 18 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 99) List at least three common barriers to behavior change. Answer: Any three of the following: Setting overambitious goals Holding on to self-defeating beliefs and attitudes. Not accurately assessing your current state of wellness or fitness Not having adequate support or guidance Allowing negative emotions to sabotage your efforts Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20 Skill: Understanding 100) Define self-talk and explain how you can use it to help your efforts toward change. Answer: Self-talk is your usual manner of thinking and talking to yourself (the voice in your head) that can affect your self-image and behavior. Deliberately changing your self-talk can have a big influence on behavior change by: Using rational, positive statements Blocking or stopping negative thoughts when they occur  Not dwelling on negative thoughts or images and focusing on more positive, uplifting, and encouraging thoughts Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22-23 Skill: Understanding/Applying 19 Copyright  ©Ã‚   2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Benefits of Studying Abroad Essays

Benefits of Studying Abroad Essays Benefits of Studying Abroad Essay Benefits of Studying Abroad Essay Jinq Kok Jessie Borgman ENG 1050 July 31, 2011 Benefits of studying abroad Education is a part of learning that has always been a part of our life and it is a never ending process. As education is a building block in our lives, we are willing to invest deeply into our education. Good education will bring us far with what they have to offer for our very own future. Currently in this modern day society, many of our universities and colleges in our own home country have grown tremendously and improved in all sectors and field. Some feel that it is sufficient to get an education in our home country and graduate which leads to finding a job after. Yet many also have the idea of studying abroad as a consideration. Does studying abroad really benefit us? Well, studying abroad does have some advantages and disadvantages. However in an open view of studying abroad, the advantage does trump the disadvantages. Mainly, the disadvantage that comes with studying abroad is personal such as the feeling of being alone and away from home. One may say that studying abroad is much more costly compared to studying locally and with the same education one will get, it is actually unnecessary spending. However, we often forget that education is not expenditures but it is an investment that comes with a long term benefit or return in the long run. The benefits that we gained from studying abroad are priceless and can’t be placed a price on. In addition, the knowledge and experience which we have gained while being abroad would forever be with us and nobody can take it away from us. Among the benefits of studying abroad is the opportunity to be more independent when they are out of their comfort zone at home. Based on a survey and research done by International Education for Students (IES), it was shown that a majority of the students who studied abroad realized that it is a catalyst to increase one’s maturity and self-independence. Many of us cannot deny that we are somehow spoilt when we are in our comfort zone, where we are always spoon-fed by our supporting members of the family. Apart from that, students who studies abroad tend to be more organized in their schedule and are forced to ensure all assignments for school and housework around the house is accomplished. It have also been said that a majority of the students who studied abroad also tend to be more confident. This is because, they are faced with different situations and scenarios in their studying life which they have not faced alone, making them much bolder in decision making on their own. Students would be exposed to different cultures apart from their own; they would develop a wider perspective on the country they are accommodating and the international perspective on the world. Many people from different countries nowadays have different views on different countries due to the misguidance from the mass media through movies and television shows. If we rely solely on education at our home country, we would not be exposed to the cultural diversities that differ from our own. Also, different countries differ in their teaching method, for example, majority of the European based education emphasizes more on the theory of a particular subject, while the American based education focuses on a more practical training and application of theories learnt in class. This would help students to decide which path to choose for their future, as no two students are the same. Some are more practical in their studies, and some are excellent students with the study and understanding on the theory of the subject. With the knowledge learnt abroad, we can always imply and train the people of our home country. The introduction of new technology brought from a different country back to our home country would benefit both us as a student and help improve the economy of our country. Studying abroad can be a great resume builder which would most certainly attracts the interest of the employer when they are reviewing the resume. Apart from that, students who have studied abroad are able to adapt much quicker to new surroundings which helps with the increase of international market businesses (Sullivan). It is with this sense of adaptation by students, that companies are pursuing and in the run to hire future employees with this criteria. In addition to the current limited economy suffered by many companies, they are now venturing and expanding to international market. Therefore, increasing the chances for students who study abroad as they have a wider knowledge on the international market including, language skills that one may have obtained during their stay abroad. An individual who have capability on conversing fluently in a foreign language in a foreign land would impress and place confidence of both the employers and business partners upon that individual. Learning an additional language apart from our mother tongue, would show that the applicant is initiated to learn another language and would prove to be useful in the field. Studying abroad does not bound us to only studying in lecture rooms and classes, as there is always freedom for individual to travel and explore all the historical sites and attractions that the hosting country has to offer. By staying in our home country, we may or may not have the time to travel around the world while we are studying, but being in a foreign land, just by being in our university area and exploring the surroundings would already be an adventure. Being a student in a foreign land supplies us with benefits, such as cheaper travel for us students with a tight budget who wants to see the world and what it has to offer. The world is still filled with all the wonders and mysteries that await our coming of seeking an adventure to explore all this wonderful gifts that have been given to us. Going on a travel during studies is one of the best experiences as we are more outgoing in nature and still excited to explore around. In conclusion, with all the advantages that have been spoken off, one would still hesitate about leaving the comfort of home with various thinking in their mind such as financial and fear of being alone in a far away land. But many of this is small matters that have a solution to it, such as financial studying abroad. Many universities are attracting students to come and study in their universities; therefore they are providing more financial aid and scholarship to students who are serious in pursuing a degree with them and gaining knowledge that they have to offer. However, we must take that one step of faith to make a decision and stand up on our own to pursue something better. Being abroad actually help moulds an individual into a more confident and outspoken person who cannot be built through the aid of classrooms and lecturers but through the lifestyle one chooses. Apart from that, being abroad widens our relationship with people with different backgrounds and cultural beliefs. In addition, by making more friends outside our circle, we enlarge our chances by knowing connections for a job offer in the future. Reference Sullivan, Erin. (2009). â€Å"Considering the Reasons to Study Abroad. † Dummies. com. Retrieved from dummies. com/how-to/content/considering-the-reasons-to-study-abroad. html Dwyer, Mary M. , Peters, Courtney K. (2004). â€Å"The Benefits of Study Abroad. † Transitionsabroad. com. Retrieved from transitionsabroad. com/publications/magazine/0403/benefits_study_abroad. shtml Curran, Sheila J. (2009). â€Å"Career Advantages of Studying Abroad. † Goingglobal. com. Retrieved from http://old. goinglobal. com/hot_topics/general_curran_abroad. asp

HRD 350 ch #2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HRD 350 ch #2 - Assignment Example The Trade unions have the mandate of conducting strikes against the employers. Strike is considered to be the last option, but when negotiations reaches impasse, strike is taken to be the only bargaining instrument for the workers. The trade unions are divided into industrial and craft unions. Craft union is composed of employees that perform a specific trade like printers, carpenters, and plumbers. In US, the craft unions are represented by various national organisations. In 1930s, various AFL unions that seek a national organization of workers came up with the Committee for Industrial Organization. The CIO organised all the industrial workers working with rubber plants, steel, and automobile. The Membership in trade unions has been on the descending trend since 1950. This has led to a decline in the number of employees found in the mmmanufacturing sector. In 1995, the union membership comprised of 15% of the work force. This is compared with 34.7% that was in 1954 (Harrod,

Personal Development Planning Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Personal Development Planning - Coursework Example The paper will discuss the benefits of studying PDP at a higher education level. It will also highlight on the changes the changes that I would like to bring into PDP for the future students’ justifying the change with a rationale behind it. Lastly, the paper will provide a reflection on how PDP has helped me at the university. PDP in higher education usually comprise of portfolio that contains evidence if the skills that have been acquired over a specific time period. Studying PDP at the university is very crucial since it assists in creating self-directed independent learners who have a higher probability of progressing to higher levels of academic achievement (Rughani, 2001). As cited by Grellier and Goerke (2006), the other benefit is that students can take responsibility for and personalise their learning. Essentially, personal development is a process and not a final product. Therefore, it can be utilised to support the personalisation of learning by facilitating pathways selection that suit individual learner. Through the utilisation of tools like auditing of personal transferable skills that are often used in the personal development frameworks linked with employability, the students can actually make links between their extra-curricular and curricular activities and what the employers value. These particular activities are advantageous in the context of work placements, work-based learning, or internships. Generally, students usually report in questionnaires and focus groups that CV development is something that they find very beneficial. PDP assists the university students to be effective in reviewing and monitoring their own progress and make use of their own evidence and records to show to others what they know they can actually do (Fry, Ketteridge, & Marshall, 2008). According to Fry, Ketteridge and Marshall (2008, p. 120), PDP promotes deeper learning through increasing awareness of the students are actually learning and to

Acting Out Culture by James S. Miller Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Acting Out Culture by James S. Miller - Essay Example People choose what to believe, what to where, where to work, and even the kind of children they would like to have, if they had the authority! This materialism is rated as bad by some academic critiques who believe that the ideal world should be a world where people have few choices, and therefore ‘happy’ lives! But would the economy allow for that? And would the acquisition nature of man and the absolute power of bills set people upon the same path of diversity as we understand? The very fact that nature places want upon a person, reflects the materialistic nature that is man. Without needs, there is no innovation, no commerce, basically no need to live. It is consumers who drive a market that is controlled by products prepared in the industry. And as such, economy slowly turns on its hinges. Humans are capable of creating their own societies and placing their wants and needs around that society, we can see, in David Brooks assertion, that the society, is getting more a nd more focused on the individual needs and wants, so much so that the collective thought of diversity in America, is but a dream. Indeed, in own words, "†¦human beings are capable of drawing amazingly subtle social distinctions and then shaping their lives around them". It is indeed possible, that individualism is the reason industry thrives, but at what cost? In this essay, we shall see the effects of materialism on the diversity of America. The question is; does this materialistic nature bring people together, or drives them further apart? Quoting Thorstein Veblen (1857-1929), James Twitchell in â€Å"Two Cheers for Materialism, attempts to solidify the fact that people in the society are growing further apart as a result of these needs; He asserts says, â€Å"If we had fewer choices, we would be happier, there would be less waste and we would accept each other as equals" Though needs provide security in attainment, they are not a source of permanent happiness, and such th ey incur the creation of classes and clusters, and the need to be at comfort. Reality is materialism brings with it 'me' that person who so desires to satisfy his own and protect his turf. That person who believes that there is no one better than 'ME!' the individual, created to find solace in no one but himself. In this very belief, it is imputable that the requirement that some society would feel 'Me' better, has effectively led to segregation of the races, professions, and ultimately classes. The crux of the staple is that the desire by people to be around places they fit in has created that vacuum of consideration for other people who hold different professions, skin color, and even opinions. As such the estates, the cities and the communities in ‘human nature’ have ended up forming, or rather conforming to the desire of ages; to be like someone your own. The hierarchy of needs propelled by Abraham Maslow, puts self-actualization as the highest in satisfaction of ma n’s desires and needs, and states that if indeed in a lifetime these needs are met, then there is the tendency of creating new needs, to satisfy the arousal of new desires. Man being so consumed by desire has become so\elf centered and choosy with friends and acquaintances, the lack of which render a man useless. In this sense and with the help of the Bell curve, it is concluded that we, live in absurdly unlikely groupings because we have organized our lives that way. So even though we feel that it is wrong for our children to go to Harvard and yet other children though bright can’t go to college, it is also very important to us to note the presence of such opportunities and bask in their glory, if we can afford it. It follows that the

Assignment 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Assignment 6 - Essay Example With regards to the case study the administrators of the district schools had to demonstrate how their students were performing by use of evaluation. This clearly shows that evaluation is an important educational management tool (Wiles & Bondi, 2004). The case studies tend to describe in detail the school level based program implementation as well as the evaluation process. With regards to the evaluation process, stages of how it was conducted are clearly outlined and the school administrators that took part in shaping up the process. Evaluation was used in the district schools in order to influence the decision making as well as improve the schools’ operations. Most of the administrators in the schools and districts were given a proposed framework that was meant to guide them in their activities. Based on the case studies, the proposed frameworks simply implies that evaluation is the process of producing information that ,is mainly used to make decisions about the on-going school programs (Wiles & Bondi, 2004). With regards to the case study, the user survey that was conducted in the district schools was meant to irradiate the importance of the evaluation process from the user’s perception. The areas that were looked at in the survey were: the view of the school program, the evaluation stages, the use of the evaluation information, the purpose of the process and the conditions under which the user was operating. Based on the study, the principal, school administrator and also some staff members were interviewed about their views on significant school programs and about the contributions that had been made by the use of evaluation. The user survey was meant to improve the school operations in the future based on the findings (Wiles & Bondi, 2004). Based on the studies, evaluation reporting simply encompasses timing and frequency. The case studies indicate that the timing and frequency that the school administrators gave out the evaluation reports

Social Exclusion and the Future of Cities Essay

Social Exclusion and the Future of Cities - Essay Example Dalton et al. (2007) argues that in a society that practices social inclusion, the members have a sense of value and self-worth. Their lives are full of dignity and satisfaction, and they are incorporated in the community systems that define its membership. For example, all people are involved in the community’s social and economic activities, they have an equal right of participating in community politics among other activities. Social inclusion is a significant factor in the mental health of a community. This paper examines the relevance of the concept of â€Å"social inclusion† for social work practice with adults experiencing mental health difficulties. It presents a narrative of the background and origin of social inclusion, the theories of social inclusion as well as policies that enhance the practice. Social inclusion emerged in the background of value based interventions towards maintaining clear goals regarding improvements of public welfare. Denissen et al. (2008) argues that it is a practical human development approach to facilitate social welfare that is focused on elimination of risks and barriers to social inclusion. The foundation of the strategies for social inclusion remain inclined towards recognizing and appreciating diversity as well as recognizing the shared experiences and ambitions for different people.

The Oriole Furniture Inc. (Case Study) Case Study

The Oriole Furniture Inc. ( ) - Case Study Example The sales and production activities of all the three lines are managed by Mr. Mente. Each division’s vice president prepares an annual profit plan, in which the result of estimation for the year has been a profit of $22.7m and the sales volume is $77m. Mr. Menson, the company’s president, has not been satisfied with the submitted profit plan. He wants a profit of $23.9m on a sales volume of $81m. When the actual performance of the division is compared with the budget, Mr. Mente finds that sales remain at 11% below plan and profit is 18% below plan. The challenge before the company is that the division failed to meet the budgeted requirement during the year, and the company may consider action in midyear to ensure it reaches its budget by year-end. What does Mr. Mente need to do? What is he proposing to do about his situation? Mr. Mente should revise the plan to reach up to the new sales budget. He should try to figure out the reason for the difference in actual performa nce with the budgeted performance through a complete analysis of the situation. The reasons he will explain to his top manager for not attaining the expected performance are the tough economic situation and old machineries besides the difficulty in finding good furniture designers. To achieve the company’s profit objectives, Mr. Mente has planned to delay the purchase of some new machinery which costs $500,000 and to forego hiring two new furniture designers. But it is better to replace the old machinery that broke down frequently and led to over time labor, which will decrease the labor efficiency and delayed delivery schedules. This investment, in fact, is an asset for the company and will speed up the production process. He should drop the idea of hiring new furniture designers so that he can save $100,000 in salary expenses. He can give training and counseling to improve the existing workers performance. What are budgets supposed to do and what must Mr. Mente do in the ne xt seven months to (probably) keep his job? Budget is a process of planning the use of resources over a definite period of time. It should motivate individuals to achieve performance levels agreed to and set forth for a better control and coordination of activities, the company may prepare budgets for each and every activity which, in turn, helps in reducing production costs. Mr. Mente has to identify the reason for the variance in actual performance and budgeted performance. Knowing how much is being spent each month will enable him to consider whether further action needs to be taken to spend in future. This process is only worthwhile if the budget is realistic. Analyzing variances against an unrealistic budget is pointless. However, in a well-run organization the comparison between actual costs and budget is used as the means for attaining the set goal. The difference between budget assumptions and actual outcome is the key issue that Mr. Mente faces. He can use variance analysis techniques to solve the issue. Mr. Mente has to start his work from the bottom line. He needs to motivate the personnel and evaluate their performance. The company also needs to invest in better equipment to increase productivity without increasing the cost towards hiring more people. The company also anticipates an increase in price of the raw material up to 6%. So Mr. Mente should ask the factory personnel

Assignment 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Assignment 6 - Essay Example With regards to the case study the administrators of the district schools had to demonstrate how their students were performing by use of evaluation. This clearly shows that evaluation is an important educational management tool (Wiles & Bondi, 2004). The case studies tend to describe in detail the school level based program implementation as well as the evaluation process. With regards to the evaluation process, stages of how it was conducted are clearly outlined and the school administrators that took part in shaping up the process. Evaluation was used in the district schools in order to influence the decision making as well as improve the schools’ operations. Most of the administrators in the schools and districts were given a proposed framework that was meant to guide them in their activities. Based on the case studies, the proposed frameworks simply implies that evaluation is the process of producing information that ,is mainly used to make decisions about the on-going school programs (Wiles & Bondi, 2004). With regards to the case study, the user survey that was conducted in the district schools was meant to irradiate the importance of the evaluation process from the user’s perception. The areas that were looked at in the survey were: the view of the school program, the evaluation stages, the use of the evaluation information, the purpose of the process and the conditions under which the user was operating. Based on the study, the principal, school administrator and also some staff members were interviewed about their views on significant school programs and about the contributions that had been made by the use of evaluation. The user survey was meant to improve the school operations in the future based on the findings (Wiles & Bondi, 2004). Based on the studies, evaluation reporting simply encompasses timing and frequency. The case studies indicate that the timing and frequency that the school administrators gave out the evaluation reports

The Oriole Furniture Inc. (Case Study) Case Study

The Oriole Furniture Inc. ( ) - Case Study Example The sales and production activities of all the three lines are managed by Mr. Mente. Each division’s vice president prepares an annual profit plan, in which the result of estimation for the year has been a profit of $22.7m and the sales volume is $77m. Mr. Menson, the company’s president, has not been satisfied with the submitted profit plan. He wants a profit of $23.9m on a sales volume of $81m. When the actual performance of the division is compared with the budget, Mr. Mente finds that sales remain at 11% below plan and profit is 18% below plan. The challenge before the company is that the division failed to meet the budgeted requirement during the year, and the company may consider action in midyear to ensure it reaches its budget by year-end. What does Mr. Mente need to do? What is he proposing to do about his situation? Mr. Mente should revise the plan to reach up to the new sales budget. He should try to figure out the reason for the difference in actual performa nce with the budgeted performance through a complete analysis of the situation. The reasons he will explain to his top manager for not attaining the expected performance are the tough economic situation and old machineries besides the difficulty in finding good furniture designers. To achieve the company’s profit objectives, Mr. Mente has planned to delay the purchase of some new machinery which costs $500,000 and to forego hiring two new furniture designers. But it is better to replace the old machinery that broke down frequently and led to over time labor, which will decrease the labor efficiency and delayed delivery schedules. This investment, in fact, is an asset for the company and will speed up the production process. He should drop the idea of hiring new furniture designers so that he can save $100,000 in salary expenses. He can give training and counseling to improve the existing workers performance. What are budgets supposed to do and what must Mr. Mente do in the ne xt seven months to (probably) keep his job? Budget is a process of planning the use of resources over a definite period of time. It should motivate individuals to achieve performance levels agreed to and set forth for a better control and coordination of activities, the company may prepare budgets for each and every activity which, in turn, helps in reducing production costs. Mr. Mente has to identify the reason for the variance in actual performance and budgeted performance. Knowing how much is being spent each month will enable him to consider whether further action needs to be taken to spend in future. This process is only worthwhile if the budget is realistic. Analyzing variances against an unrealistic budget is pointless. However, in a well-run organization the comparison between actual costs and budget is used as the means for attaining the set goal. The difference between budget assumptions and actual outcome is the key issue that Mr. Mente faces. He can use variance analysis techniques to solve the issue. Mr. Mente has to start his work from the bottom line. He needs to motivate the personnel and evaluate their performance. The company also needs to invest in better equipment to increase productivity without increasing the cost towards hiring more people. The company also anticipates an increase in price of the raw material up to 6%. So Mr. Mente should ask the factory personnel

Abusive Relationship Essay Example for Free

Abusive Relationship Essay Physical, emotional, verbal, and sexual abuse are some of the different types of abuse that can be found within a relationship. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of adolescent dating aggression, and to define, compare and contrast different points of view. The author of the novel Faultline, Janet Tashjian, describes a series of events in the life of Becky, the main character of the story, where she is getting involved into an abusive relationship with Kip, presenting all the warning signs that every adolescent should know. This story represents the millions of adolescents that are in this same situation. I will be presenting real cases from different sources to demonstrate that adolescent dating aggression is a serious problem for many teenagers. Yet like other forms of aggression, warning signs are often present that a young couple may be at risk. By understanding these precursors we can help adolescents avoid problematic situations and instead develop healthy dating relationships that will set in place a solid foundation for satisfying relationships throughout life. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one in four teenagers report being verbally, emotionally, physically or sexually abused in a dating relationship. The issue of dating violence is so critical that it was included in the 2005 reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act, along with the crimes of sexual assault, domestic violence and stalking. Statistics indicate that males who are exposed to domestic violence as children are twice as likely to be abusive in their own relationships. Many teens use cell phones and computers as tools of control and abuse in dating relationships. There have been millions of reports of abuse in a relationship; one of these cases was reported by Nicky who was 12 when she fell in love with Richard who was 13. What Nicky has to show for their years together are a chipped tooth, a nose bent several degrees by his fist, three children â€Å"all of whom were born before their due dates because of beatings†, she says, a nd emotional scars that are hard to fathom in someone so young. She shares her story to Los Angeles Times: My earliest memory of abuse? I was 13. When he went into high school, I was still in junior high and he didnt trust me. One time I was wearing this see-through blouse. I had a slip on underneath it, because my parents taught me how to dress. [But] he got mad, and he pushed me on the ground and started calling me a bitch and everything. I thought, `Well hes just mad, I shouldnt have worn that. I couldnt go home. What was I gonna tell my mom? So I went to school and I put on my P.E. clothes and that is what I wore all day. In the last two decades, domestic violence has emerged from the black hole of taboo subjects to become highly visible. And what has long been happening between spouses or adult lovers is now recognized as a problem for teen-agers as well. Surveys show that about 28% of high school- and college-age students are in abusive relationships, roughly the same proportion as adults. But while adults have shelters and well-publicized hot lines, adolescents typically have only each other, if that. They often cannot or will not turn to adults for help and may not even talk to their peers. Young girls and women often do not know how to get out of abusive situations. More schools are providing programs to teach teens the warning signs of abusive relationships and provide them with the tools they need to leave violent and controlling partners. Some people think that dating violence is increasing because many girls are afraid to stand up to an aggressive and controlling boy. Others blame the violent and sexual content in the media as a contributing factor in dating violence. According to a New York Times article, â€Å"The high incidence of adolescent abuse distresses Barrie Levy, a Santa Monica therapist and a founder of the Southern California Coalition for Battered Women†. Levy, who edited the book Dating Violence: Young Women in Danger became aware of the problem in 1982 during a domestic violence education project in Los Angeles-area secondary schools. Our focus was on the development of an education program that would target adolescents, thinking that the way to start dealing with domestic violence was presumably before it started, Levy says. Violence in adolescent dating relationships is a large-scale problem, and may result in long-term trauma and psychological aftermath for victims. I provided some data, statistics, facts and opinion about this issue. An abusive relationship can be prevented if parents, teachers and counselors talk to the adolescents about the warning signs and how get away from that abusive relationship. The novel Faultline is a great example that can be used to teach teenagers about this serious topic.

What is coaching? learning specific skills

What is coaching? learning specific skills Coaching is about learning specific skills, to improve performance or to prepare for advancement. To an outsider, coaching situations may look similar. All are based on an ongoing, confidential, one-on-one relationship between coach and learner. Yet each teaching situation can be quite diverse and some of these distinctions are important to recognise, if only to foster informed choice by everyone involved. Therefore this essay defines and explores key distinguishing features amongst coaching. Furthermore taking account of these factors, this essay will discuss and suggests different coaching roles. Any instructional strategy should be based on learning theory because without an understanding of how athletes learn, one cannot expect to achieve intended learning goals (Griffin et al, 2005). The use of student and athlete has been used interchangeable throughout this essay to reflect its meaning. So focusing on this I will look from a behaviourist perspective on how people learn best an d what certain influences can facilitate learning, by briefly discussing the place of feedback will identify influential factors this can make to a pupils education and overall learning experience. Watkins and Mortimer define pedagogy as ‘any conscious activity by one person designed to enhance learning in another (1999; 3). With coaching being recently reconceptualised as a pedagogy (Cassidy et al., 2004), it is imperative for a coach/teachers to ensure learners are facilitating in their learning, so rather than just teaching a certain skill, they also teach when this skill should be used. By being a coach, in other words, implies being a ‘certain kind of teacher (Hacking, 1986; Gee, 2001), but exactly what such being entails remains covered in uncertainty (Richardson, 2002). The role for the coach or teacher has been very directive, instructional or prescriptive (Cassidy et al. 2004, Kidman, 2001). For instance, the coach or teacher deciding when and how athletes/students should perform specified skills or movements. This has led to the coach being regarded as the sole source of knowledge, transmitting this in a unidirectional way with learners having a passive ro le in the learning process (Potrac and Cassidy 2006). Furthermore, this occupies a position of centrality and influence in the sporting environment (Cushion et al. 2006, Smith and Smoll 2007). Therefore, Lyles (2002) research suggests there is a strong belief that the quality of coaching is one of the most important environmental factors in determining performance improvement with success. Signifying not only the behaviour of the coach being an influential socialising agent but might also impact on performance, learning, and a range of many other psycho-social outcomes. Coaches and teachers can be implicitly or explicitly, by their beliefs about learning. By practicing and behaving according to their own beliefs, directly impacting on how the coachs role is perceived and enacted within the coaching process, such as tradition of the sport taught, socialisation experiences etc. Research suggests knowledge and practice, remains largely based on experiences and the interpretation of those experiences (Cushion, Armour, and Jones 2003; Cushion 2006; Gilbert and Trudel 2006). This however, is regardless of the implementation and availability of education programmes and courses. Furthermore, Douge and Hastie (1993) believe that the accumulating years of involvement doesnt necessarily guarantee that an agent will become an effective coach. Chelladurai also expands suggests that â€Å"future research could focus on generating items based on the experiences and insights of both coaches and athletes† (1990; 340). Indicating that there is no single behavi our, role or approach that is either a defining or essential component to an athletes/students centeredness (Popkewitz, 1998; Cain, 1989). In fact, the amount that a coach feels compelled to act in a single way; the more likely they are to impose limits on their athletes because their own behaviour is constrained (Daniels 2001, Cain 1989) not only implementing interventions but could interfere with coaching preparations. There are many different ‘building blocks which aid coaches in the effectiveness of their coaching and improve their coaching practice, although there are a number of reflective cycles to assist coaches, Gibbs (1988) offers a model of coaching effectiveness ideal for the beginner coach involving the following six elements: 1) Description Describe as a matter of fact just what happened during your critical incident or chosen episode for reflection. 2) Feelings What were you thinking and feeling at the time? 3) Evaluation List points or tell the story about what was GOOD and what was BAD about the experience. 4) Analysis What sense can you make out of the situation. What does it mean? 5) Conclusion What else could you have done? What should you perhaps not have done? 6) Action Plan If it arose again, what would you do differently? How will you adapt your practice in the light of this new understanding? This framework is an ideal excellent starting point for coaches/teachers in their investigations of the coaching process itself, not only this but Bandura states People not only gain understanding through reflection, they evaluate and alter their own thinking (1986; 62) enticing coaches to un-earth their theory in use, inevitably extending learning in both coach and athletes. Paradoxically focusing on this, coaches and teachers have varied roles to consider, whereby they can aid the need for the following specific knowledge and skills: Interpersonal skills. Communicating and establishing trusting relationships with whom they are trying to change their practices. Coaches must be able to observe accurately and provide appropriate feedback. Content knowledge. Having an understanding of their subject matter, this includes how knowledge of a discipline is developed through curricula and learning materials. Experience with others coaches at the different level indicates that a certain level of content-area expertise is necessary to be a subject area coach. However, expertise also may create tension when coaches are labelled experts. Most important is for a coach to establish a collaborative, reflective relationship. Pedagogical knowledge. To lead, coaches need to understand how students and athletes learn, including knowledge of the tasks, questioning strategies, and structures that can help students/athletes develop their own ideas. Knowledge of the curriculum. Familiarity with the structures and experiences offered by a curriculum is important, including understanding the fundamental ideas behind a curriculum and how those ideas connect across different ability levels. Awareness of coaching resources. Aware of specific knowledge of professional development materials, literature, and resources that can be used to support development of subject or pedagogical knowledge and better understanding how to teach. Knowledge of the practice of coaching. Coaching strategies and structures, such as how to use pre and post observations or on-the-spot coaching; the role of questioning and effective strategies; how to use resources of teaching practice (curriculum materials, student work, scripts of classroom dialogue, etc.); and the pros and cons of demonstration lessons and coaching sessions. All specify a requirement of the coach/teacher, however, athletes have been shown to have different preferences and different responses to coach behaviour (Reiman, 2007) and in complex social and interpersonal settings, individual differences are sure to play an important role (Smith and Smoll, 2007). However, not all people are the same, nor are circumstances and contexts, and consequently a one size fits all approach will not work for all learners and in all situations (Amorose, 2007). Moreover, Jonassen (1999; 235) suggests possible ideas â€Å"by starting the learners with the tasks they know how to perform and gradually add task difficulty until they are able to perform† therefore facilitates learning in both coach and learner encouraging decision making roles. There are four components which influence: the coach, the athlete, knowledge and the learning environment. Focusing on these statements further and the literature researched indicate many influential factors one in particular being feedback which the following section discusses. Indeed, all coaching is based upon some theory about how we learn with behaviourism strongly informs coaching, resulting in an instructional approach that emphasises the use of feedback and rewarding behaviour. Feedback from coaches is an essential aspect of learning. Whereby coaches use feedback to encourage pupils to respond to their own learning by discovering where they are now in relation to where they would like to be, and to determine how to do better next time (Hargreaves, 2005). Fundamentally feedback can be used as a tool to support and enhance learning (Ofsted, 2008) in both education and coaching practice. More recently, it has become the source of heated debates and has seen a dramatic increase in the amount of literature relating to feedback and in particular operant conditioning approach (Skinner, 1958) which is based on the well established principles of individual learning that behaviour is a function of its consequences. Although some citations are dated in this section however; it is still relevant today as there are many expectations and implications which are placed on coaches and teachers to provide meaningful support and feedback to enhance learning. Its believed by Smoll and Smith (1989) that coaches must have extensive task knowledge so that they can issue proper instruction about desired behaviours and reinforce individuals when they do well. However, findings by Komaki et al (1989) illustrate the need for consistency in verbal reinforcement and feedback to initiate an increase in the frequency of desirable behaviours and decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviours. Thus, according to Mayer (1983) can elaborate and expand on learners knowledge, building on existing cognitive schema (Mayer, 1983), this can be reinforced by way of feedback. There are, however further expectations placed on teachers. Piagets work is concerned with the expansion of knowledge and understanding, with ways in which new information is dealt with by learners. However, Pritchard (2009) has identified concern in the amount of time coaches have available to give sufficient feedback, more so with coaching and teaching in groups rather than one on one. Although Boud (1999) suggests that when pupils take responsibility of their own learning this will allow them to deepen their understanding.   Not only does insufficient time have implications but a message (feedback) can also have the potential to be misinterpreted. It is generally accepted that certain feedback might be taken personally by pupils, and lead to defensiveness and loss in confidence. ‘We judge too much and too powerfully, not realising the extent to which pupils experience our power over them (Boud, 1999; 43). Self-esteem, it is believed, is affected by receiving negative or unexpected feedback. Research by Young (2000) suggests, however, considerations should be made from the opposite perspective: it is the students level of self-esteem that affects the messages they receive—both positive and negative. Those with low self-esteem tend to view all feedback as a judgement of ability, whilst those with high self-esteem do not. Indicating certain implications which could severe interpersonal problems Certainly, teachers and coaches if they are truly person centered should be continually open to learning and how their athletes/students learn and achieve effectively as shown throughout this essay, however there are so many areas and this essay has only covered a few. It might be valuable that by creating the best possible atmosphere for learning and performance, coaches and teachers can and would be less concerned about a certain coaching style or behaviour and more concerned about whether whatever they do impairs or facilitates learning. In this sense, receptivity, flexibility and differentiated responses in coaches and teachers are likely to maximize the outcome (Cain, 1989). In reality, the teacher or coach has a role to play in identifying and addressing certain problems and assisting, deconstruct knowledge relating to aspects of sporting performance (Potrac and Cassidy, 2006). Finally, this then provides the learner with the personal and informational resources for learning (C ain 1989), giving a unique opportunity to make significant changes in a person life. The purpose of this paper is to provide a reflection and example of such a structured session using an approach whereby learners work out solutions to tactical problems themselves with the coach facilitating their learning. In the UK there are thousands of individuals who are qualified coaches because of the availability of coaching courses. However, research into coaching have shown that coaching courses only act as a starting point, with coaches in Jones et al.s (2004) review points to the fact that the immensity of learning actually occurs through experience. Thus this alone does not guarantee capability this is elaborated in these words: ‘It is not enough just to do, and neither is it enough just to think †¦ Learning from experience must involve linking the doing and the thinking Gibbs (1988; 9). The process of reflection is linked between doing and thinking (Martens, 1997; Gibbs, 1988) moreover, Bandura believes People not only gain understanding through reflection, they evaluate and alter their own thinking (1986; 62). Reflection has its origins in Schà ¶ns (1983) work, where he defined a reflective conversation as the following cycle: appreciation; experimentation and evaluation. Later, other reflective models were put forward. Johns (1995) model consists of 26 questions that the coach must ask themselves, whereas Gibbs (1988) model consists of six. This reflection will use the Gibbs model to reflect upon a situation that arose during one of my coaching practices. The basis for this is because its uncomplicated and allows a beginner coach like myself to follow, whereas Johns tends to be more complex decision-making (Johns, 1995). Before moving on to the process of reflection, its important to note that this paper will take a pedagogical approach. Watkins and Mortimer describe pedagogy as ‘any conscious activity by one person designed to improve learning in another (1999; 3). With coaching being recently reconceptualised as a pedagogy (Cassidy et al., 2004), it is important for coaches to ensure learners are facilitating in their learning, so rather than just coaching a certain method, they also teach when this skill should be applied. Therefore, I will reflect upon a coaching experience of my own, using Gibbs (1988) model, to access whether learners were given the possibility to progress in their learning. Description I decided to coach a basketball session, focusing on shooting techniques and positioning. The games for understanding (TGfU) approach (Bunker and Thorpe, 1982) was used opposed to the more traditional coaching/teaching model. Teachers in the traditional model teach skills first and tactics later. As Light and Fawns (2003) have articulated, ‘knowing the game is to play it and demonstrate knowledge-in-action (Schà ¶n , 1983). Advocates of the TGfU model endorse tactics first, while skills are introduced afterwards (Bradley, 2004; Turner et al, 2001). So basically, what to do comes before how to do it. A mini game was introduced at the beginning of the session along with a brief explanation of certain rules required to give shape to the game and determine the variety of tactics and skills required for a successful performance. The session was going well with players participating with enthusiasm by contributing to certain questions then furthering their decisions. However, after a while I ran out of certain ideas for further progressions. Feelings Having sensed with apprehension that some learners were getting uninterested and even slowed down and eventually stopped playing. Research has suggested this is because players can lack challenges and so therefore their intrinsic motivation to participate decreases (Ryan Deci, 2000). Conversely feeling the pressure to make a change or how to put in challenges to be successful in their performance, dismay started to set in as I didnt have a further plan. Evaluation The TGfU approach was effective in increasing enthusiasm because it was fun. This was backed up by Griffin et al (1995) who said that the TGfU approach may be more enjoyable for players than traditional technique drills; are, and so theyre more motivated to participate. Also, by probing the players to answer questions about faults in their technique, I was also facilitating the development of players critical thinking and decision-making skills; two important cognitive skills (Kirk and MacPhail, 2002). However, when the session started to become less interesting I was unable to make certain changes due to a lack of experience of different activities. There was also concerned in stopping and re-starting the game as research also suggested that learners feel this interrupt the flow of the game (Lieberman, 2008). Analysis Id realised that in the early stages learners were going through a learning process. The game allowed them to obtain physical skills and techniques, whilst the questions and communication with peers facilitated their cognitive development (Kirk MacPhail, 2002). However, being unable to enforce new activities the learners learning process began to even out. This is believed to be because of a lack of challenge denting their motivation to continue (Ryan Deci, 2000), thus decreasing or stopping participation would further the opportunity to learn. Conclusion I felt I had developed well through this session but was always looking at ways to improve through listening, reading and reflection. Thinking over my lesson, Id realised that there were certain ‘blind spots in my coaching.   Although the tasks enabled the players to learn, success by progressing further questioning enabled decision-making skills and communicating with each other to solve meticulous problems. Therefore, incorporating a cognitive based learning approach; where learners were required to solve realistic problems (Dolmans et al., 2005). In relation, structured scenarios where players would need to decide whether it was best to shoot, which pass to use and dribbling techniques and enticing communication amongst their team to score or win. It was also vital that learners understood why they were carrying out and practising certain drills. If players understand why they were doing something, their motivation to change their practice in order to improve their skills and team play could then be improved. Therefore encouraging players to question and communicate the varying drills and by asking what it is going to be useful; for what reason. Action Plan Games have an essential cognitive dimension that has been to some extent limited by the traditional coaching/teaching model (Light, 2002; Light and Fawns, 2001). The TGfU approach utilises open ended questioning however it is believed to be more time-consuming in the early stages and errors are likely to be a plenty (Kroll, 2004; Prawat, 1992) but giving learners greater ownership of decision-making process would enable them to think for themselves in a game that is largely based on making appropriate decisions. Therefore, when planning future sessions I will account for various problems that may arise and the activities that Ill put into practice to solve them (e.g. how and when to modify the games, when to stop play and question, when to bring players out of the game for individual questioning etc.) Finally the issue being the use of open ended questioning with learners. Such questioning would also enable students to make a cognitive leap, particularly when teaching invasion game s trategies (Butler, 1997). To conclude, the process of reflection has allowed me to notice that my session had both positive and negative aspects. The positive aspect was that the TGfU approach was effective and enjoyable (Griffin et al., 1995), but the negative aspect was after a while, my session became tedious. Gibbs (1988) model also made me question why certain things happened, with me putting this down to challenges for the learners. Finally, Gibbs model really assisted me in thinking what I could do in the future. After reading Schempp et al.s (2006) literature on certain planning, I realise that I could create certain plans for the different problems that can arise during teaching.